➤ I. Science & Scientific and Technological Advancement

• Fundamentals of Modern Science
  • Basic concepts in Physics, Chemistry & Biology
• Information & Communication Technology (ICT)
  • Internet of Things (IoT), 5G, Cloud Computing, Cybersecurity
• Biotechnology
  • Genetic engineering (GM crops, CRISPR), Vaccines, Bio-pharma
• Nanotechnology
  • Materials, applications in medicine & electronics
• Space Technology
  • ISRO missions, satellite systems, space exploration
• Defense Technology
  • Missiles, Drones, Robotics, C4ISR systems
• Renewable & Alternative Energy
  • Solar, Wind, Bioenergy, Hydrogen technologies
• Emerging Technologies
  • Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Blockchain, VR/AR
• Indian R&D Ecosystem & Policies
  • CSIR, DRDO, ISRO, BIRAC; National Science & Technology policies