➤ I. Logic & Epistemology

• Introduction to Philosophy: Nature, Scope & Methods
• Knowledge & Belief: Sources, Types & Limits
• A priori & A posteriori; Analytic & Synthetic
• Deductive & Inductive Reasoning; Validity & Soundness
• Formal Logic: Propositions, Truth Tables, Syllogisms
• Logical Fallacies & Paradoxes

➤ II. Metaphysics & Ethics

• Reality & Existence: Substance, Causation, Space & Time
• Mind–Body Problem; Free Will vs Determinism
• Concepts of God, Soul & Ultimate Reality
• Moral Philosophy: Concepts & Theories (Utilitarianism, Deontology, Virtue Ethics)
• Applied Ethics: Environment, Bioethics & Technology

➤ III. Indian & Western Philosophical Traditions

• Indian Schools: Nyāya–Vaiśeṣika, Sāṃkhya, Yoga, Mīmāṃsā, Vedānta; Buddhism & Jainism
• Key Texts: Upaniṣads, Bhagavad Gītā, Buddhist Sutras
• Western Philosophy: Ancient (Plato, Aristotle), Medieval (Augustine, Aquinas), Modern (Descartes, Kant), Contemporary (Existentialism, Analytic Philosophy)
• Comparative Philosophy & Dialogue Between Traditions
• Philosophy of Religion, Philosophy of Science & Language