➤ II. Indian Economy (w/ RBI Focus)

• Features & Current Structure
  • Size, growth trends, sectoral composition (Agriculture, Industry, Services)
  • Challenges: Poverty, Unemployment, Inequality
• National Income & Planning
  • Methods of estimation (GDP, GNI)
  • Evolution from Five-Year Plans to NITI Aayog
• Money & Banking
  • Structure of Indian financial system
  • Role of commercial banks, NBFCs, cooperative banks
• Reserve Bank of India
  • Origin, organization & governance
  • Monetary policy framework and tools (Repo, CRR, SLR, OMO)
  • Regulation & supervision of banks and NBFCs
  • Currency issuance & management
  • Developmental functions: Financial inclusion, Payment systems (NEFT, RTGS, UPI)
• Fiscal Policy & Taxation
  • Union & State budgets, deficits (Revenue, Fiscal)
  • Tax structure: Direct (Income, Corporate) & Indirect (GST)
• External Sector
  • Balance of Payments, exchange rate regimes
  • Trade policy, WTO agreements, FDI & FPI trends
• Current Issues & Reforms
  • Banking reforms (IBA, Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code)
  • Digital economy initiatives (Digital India, E-commerce)
  • Emerging challenges: Inflation management, Climate finance