➤ I. The Constitution of India

• Historical Background
  • Government of India Acts (1919, 1935)
  • Constituent Assembly debates & adoption
• Preamble & Salient Features
  • Preamble’s ideals: Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic
  • Basic structure doctrine
• Fundamental Rights & Duties
  • Six Fundamental Rights (Art. 12–35)
  • Fundamental Duties (Art. 51A)
• Directive Principles of State Policy
  • Classification: Social, Economic, Gandhian, Environmental
  • Relation with Fundamental Rights
• Union–State–Local Relations
  • Distribution of legislative & financial powers (Seventh Schedule)
  • Administrative relations, inter-state councils
  • Panchayati Raj & Municipalities
• Organs of Government
  • Legislature: Parliament (bicameral structure, law-making)
  • Executive: President, Vice-President, Council of Ministers
  • Judiciary: Supreme Court, High Courts, Judicial review
• Amendment & Emergency Provisions
  • Procedure for amendment (Art. 368)
  • Types of emergencies: National, State, Financial
• Constitutional & Statutory Bodies
  • Election Commission, UPSC, CAG, Attorney General
  • National Human Rights Commission, Finance Commission